Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound (1820). The term "Modern Prometheus" was actually coined by Immanuel Kant in reference to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity.The same year that Frankenstein was published (1818), Percy Shelley, in turn, was writing Prometheus Unbound.
[...] Percy [Shelley] and [Lord] Byron's discussion on life and death surrounded many scientific geniuses of the time. They discussed ideas from Erasmus Darwin, and the experiments from Luigi Galvani. Mary [Shelley] joined these conversations, and the ideas of Darwin and Galvani were both present in her novel.
The horrors of not being able to write a story for the contest, and her hard life, also influenced the themes within Frankenstein. The themes of loss, guilt, and the consequences of defying nature present in the novel all developed from Mary Shelley's own life.
The loss of her mother, the relationship with her father, and the death of her first child created the monster, and his separation from parental guidance. (Wikipedia)
Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement. At the same time, it is an early example of science fiction.The second is that Frankenstein also largely influenced the original trilogy of Star Wars films, particularly with the character of Darth Vader (Anakin Skywalker), the grandfather (and predecessor) of Kylo Ren.
Brian Aldiss has argued that [Frankenstein] should be considered the first true science fiction story because, in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results. (Wikipedia)
"Anakin Skywalker was weak. I destroyed (killed) him."The man he was before is "dead", or so Vader believes. Instead, in his place, we have "the monster", the creation of Palpatine, or Darth Sidious. There are also many more references to Shelley's Frankenstein related to the character of Darth Vader within the prequel trilogy films, which are explored more in-depth in the article "Unnatural Births: Star Wars and Frankenstein" by Clone Corridor.
"Your son [Ben Solo] is gone. He was weak and foolish like his father, so I destroyed (killed) him."According to Clone Corridor:
"Frankenstein is one of my favourite novels. Not only is the story of its origin beautifully sensational, it has a brilliant female author, and its plot is one which continues to be relevant, and which goes very deeply into what it means to be human, what decides good or evil, and whether we are doomed by our own birth.It is certainly worth mentioning that Rey literally refers to Kylo Ren as "Creature" and "Monster".
At the heart of the novel lies the Creature (or Monster, as some like to call it, but I find that too judgemental). It lies there both thematically and structurally, since the novel has a framework structure. This means that each story encapsulates another, i.e. we start with the story of Captain Walton who, upon finding Victor Frankenstein, makes way as narrator for Frankenstein who himself eventually makes way for the Creature to speak.
This is then repeated backwards, as after the Creature it is once again Frankenstein’s words we get, and the novel closes with Captain Walton’s narrative. This convoluted structure is part of the appeal of the novel, since it allows for a lot of cross-comparisons between the different narrators, in the same way that the inverted structure of Star Wars (VI,V,IV – I, II, III) allows for certain parallels to be more obvious."
Rey: Where am I?As it relates to Frankenstein:
Kylo Ren: You're my guest.
Rey: Where are the others?
Kylo Ren: Do you mean the murderers, traitors, and thieves you call friends? You'll be relieved to hear I have no idea. (pauses) You still want to kill me.
Rey: That happens when you're being hunted by a (C)reature in a mask.
[Kylo Ren removes his helmet, revealing himself to be a human man to Rey.]
[...]
Kylo Ren: We're not done yet.
Rey: You're a monster.
Kylo Ren: It's just us now. Han Solo can't save you.
[...]
Ren: Why is the Force connecting us? You and I?
Rey: Murderous snake! You're too late! You've lost! I've found Skywalker!
Ren: Did he tell you what happened? The night I destroyed his temple, did he tell you why?
Rey: I know everything I need to know about you!
Kylo Ren: You do? Ah, you do. You have that look in your eyes. From the forest. You called me a monster.
Rey: You are a monster.
Kylo Ren: (pauses) Yes, I am.
"But it is true that, [yes], I am a wretch. I have murdered the lovely and the helpless; I have strangled the innocent as they slept, and grasped to death his throat who never injured me, or any other living thing." - The Monster, Frankenstein (Clone Corridor: "The Creature is hit by remorse and anguish over his own life. The Creature [feels he has no choice but to] accept the horrid impression Captain Walton has of him [as a Monster], and sees himself as such.")"Murderous snake", another quip by Rey, is, too, likely a reference to Lucifer from Paradise Lost, or Satan, who takes the guise of a snake in the Garden of Eden to tempt Eve into eating the fruit of the Tree of [Forbidden] Knowledge. One could also argue that, as Ben Solo "ought to be thy Adam" (pun intended), and given the yonic and sexual awakening symbolism scattered throughout The Last Jedi, Rey could be considered "Eve". Perhaps, even, with Luke Skywalker as "God".
In the novel, Frankenstein's creation is identified by words such as "creature", "monster", "vile insect", "daemon", "wretch", "abortion", "fiend" and "it". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster says, "I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel" (which ties to Lucifer in Paradise Lost, which the monster reads, and which relates to the disobedience of Prometheus in the book's subtitle).
[...] Part of Frankenstein's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name, which causes a lack of identity. (Wikipedia)
"The monster conceives of himself as a tragic figure, comparing himself to both Adam and Satan. Like Adam, he is shunned by his creator [God], though he strives to be good. These rhetorical questions epitomize the monster’s ill will toward Victor for abandoning him in a world relentlessly hostile to him, and foist responsibility for his ugliness and eventual evil upon Victor, [his creator]." - SparkNotes
Luke Skywalker: Lesson two. Now that they're extinct, the Jedi are romanticized, deified. But if your strip away the myth and look at their deeds, the legacy of the Jedi is failure. Hypocrisy, hubris.Rey and Luke also have this exchange, after Rey and Kylo Ren touch hands through the Force-bond:
Rey: That's not true!
Luke Skywalker: At the height of their powers, they allowed Darth Sidious to rise, create the Empire, and wipe them out. It was a Jedi Master who was responsible for the training and creation of Darth Vader.
Rey: And a Jedi who saved him. Yes. Your father was the most hated man in the galaxy. He caused so much death and destruction for many years. But you saw there was conflict inside him. You believed that he wasn't gone. That he could be turned.
Luke Skywalker: And I became a legend. For many years, there was balance and then I saw... Ben. My nephew with that mighty Skywalker blood. And in my hubris, I thought I could train him, I could pass on my strengths. Han was... Han was about it, but... Leia trusted me with her son. I took him, and a dozen students, and began a training temple. By the time I realized I was no match for the darkness rising in him, it was too late...
Luke Skywalker: [yells] STOP!Another major aspect of Frankenstein, which also surfaces in The Last Jedi, is the presentation of different characters' narratives, or perspectives, to provide different facets of the same story. While director Rian Johnson claims that this was inspired by the works of Akira Kurosawa, including Rashomon and The Hidden Fortress, the different views of Kylo Ren and Luke Skywalker also mirror those presented for Frankenstein's monster and Doctor Frankenstein.
[Rey and Kylo Ren look at him angrily and she looks for Kylo Ren who has vanished. She turns to Luke]
Rey: Is it true? Did you try to murder him?
Luke Skywalker: Leave this island, now!
[Luke leaves. But, Rey followed him]
Rey: Stop... STOP!
[Rey slugs Luke with her quarterstaff. He turns to her]
Rey: Did you do it? Did you create Kylo Ren?
[the two proceed to fight each other along the cliffside until she gets the upper hand, forcing Luke into submission with Anakin Skywalker's lightsaber]
Rey: Tell me the truth!
Luke Skywalker: I saw darkness. I sensed it building in him. I'd seen it in moments during his training. But then I looked inside, and it was beyond what I ever imagined. Snoke had already turned his heart. He would bring destruction and pain and death, and the end of everything I love because of what he will become, and for the briefest moment of pure instinct, I thought I could stop it. It passed like a fleeting shadow, and I was left with shame and with consequence. And the last thing I saw were the eyes of a frightened boy whose Master had failed him.
Rey: You failed him by thinking his choice was made. It wasn't! There's still conflict in him. If he would turn from the Dark Side, that could shift the tide! This could be how we win!
Intelligent and articulate, the Creature relates his first days of life, living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of, and hated him, due to his appearance, which led him to fear and hide from them.We see this, too, echoed in The Last Jedi, particularly with how Luke Skywalker sees Rey, and how she reminds him of the "Creature" now known as Kylo Ren.
[...] When he saw his reflection in a pool, he realized his physical appearance was hideous, and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans. Nevertheless, he approached [a] family [he had grown fond of] in hopes of becoming their friend. Initially, he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family, but the rest of them were frightened, and they all fled their home, resulting in the Creature leaving, disappointed. [In his anger], he traveled to Victor's family estate using details from Victor's journal, murdered William, and framed Justine.
The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself. He argues that as a living being, he has a right to happiness. The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness, never to reappear, if Victor grants his request. Should Victor refuse his request, The Creature also threatens to kill Victor's remaining friends and loved ones, and not stop until he completely ruins him.
[...] Working on the female creature on the Orkney Islands, he is plagued by premonitions of disaster, such as the female hating the Creature, or becoming more evil than him, but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind.
He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature, watching through a window. The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again, but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil, and that its mate would be evil as well, and the pair would threaten all humanity.
Luke Skywalker: You went straight to the dark!So, too, do we have "the Creature" (Kylo Ren) angrily confronting his "creator" (Luke Skywalker):
Rey: That place was trying to show me something.
Luke Skywalker: It offered something you needed, and you didn't even try to stop yourself!
Rey: But I didn't see you. Nothing from you. You've closed yourself off from the Force. Of course you have.
Luke Skywalker: I've seen this raw strength only once before. It didn't scare me enough then. It does now...
Kylo Ren: Did you come back to say you forgive me? To save my soul?In Frankenstein, "the Creature" also mourns his creator's death, something which we may see Kylo Ren do in Episode IX.
Luke Skywalker: No.
[they draw their lightsabers and fight]
Luke Skywalker: I failed you, Ben. I'm sorry.
Kylo Ren: I'm sure you are! The Resistance is dead, the war is over, and when I kill you, I will have killed the last Jedi!
Luke Skywalker: Amazing. Every word of what you just said was wrong. The Rebellion is reborn today. The war is just beginning. And I will not be the last Jedi.
Kylo Ren: I'll destroy her. And you. And all of it.
Luke Skywalker: No. Strike me down in anger, and I'll always be with you. Just like your father.
Victor dies shortly thereafter, telling Walton, with his last words, to seek "happiness in tranquillity and avoid ambition". Walton discovers the Creature on his ship, mourning over Victor's body. The Creature tells Walton that Victor's death has not brought him peace; rather, his crimes have left him completely alone. (Wikipedia)Yet, even in spite of all of the above, and both the "Monster" from Frankenstein and Vader's tales ending tragically in demise and death, Kylo Ren's story deviates in a major way from his predecessor's stories in one, major way: focusing on the character's humanity, and the theme of redemption. YouTuber Jenny Nicholson covers all of the evidence for redemption for Kylo Ren in her video here, but I will also share my own opinion on the topic.
"[The Monster] exclaims his desire for death [after his creator's passing], and even mentions a funeral pyre, before jumping out the cabin window, and disappearing into darkness and towards death. Having killed his Maker, who so wronged him, brings the Creature no pleasure, because there was nothing he had to live for, no one who will remember him." - Clone Corridors
One major concept emphasized throughout Paradise Regained is the idea of reversals. As implied by its title, Milton sets out to reverse the "loss" of Paradise. Thus, antonyms are often found next to each other, reinforcing the idea that everything that was lost in the first epic will be regained by the end of this "brief epic".The updated "Frankenstein's monster", in the form of Star Wars' Kylo Ren, also comes on the heels of a revival of Frankenstein as a property in recent years in pop culture. From 2004 to 2015, there have been numerous TV, theater, and movie "revivals", and adaptations, on the Frankenstein story, including Benedict Cumberbatch playing both Frankenstein and "the Monster" in a 2011 production; Victor Frankenstein, a 2015 film starring James McAvoy and Daniel Radcliffe; I, Frankenstein, a 2014 film starring Aaron Eckhart as "the Monster"; and more.
An interesting anecdote, recounted by a Quaker named Thomas Ellwood, provides some insight into Paradise Regained's development. After studying Latin with Milton, and reading the poet's epic Paradise Lost, Ellwood remarked, "Thou hast said much here of Paradise lost, but what hast thou to say of Paradise found?"
"Finally, I want to focus on a major contrast between the two characters [of the Monster and Vader], and that is the idea of redemption. The Creature never truly gets it in Frankenstein. Once his Maker dies of exhaustion after chasing him all over the globe, the Creature is hit by remorse and anguish over his own life. Pushed forward by Frankenstein’s hate for him, the Creature’s heart was filled with evil, and not until Frankenstein dies, does he seem to realize there could have been another choice."This is something that Rey echoes in The Last Jedi about Kylo Ren:
Rey: You failed him by thinking his choice was made. It wasn't! There's still conflict in him. If he would turn from the Dark Side, that could shift the tide! This could be how we win!Following up even further on the Frankenstein story revival is Guillermo del Toro's critically-acclaimed film, The Shape of Water (2017). Primarily inspired by del Toro's childhood memories of seeing Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), and wanting to see the Gill-man and Kay Lawrence (played by Julie Adams) succeed in their romance, the film, too, echoes Frankenstein, and "the Monster" desiring romantic love with a mate. Specifically, del Toro produced an adaptation of the story, focused more on the creature's perspective, where "the Creature" ended up together with the female lead.
'In many interviews, del Toro has spoken of the impact that classic horror films, such as James Whales’ Frankenstein (1931) and Jack Arnold’s Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), have had on him since childhood. The influence of the latter seems widely self-evident in the visual similarities between the Gill-man and del Toro’s fish man, but del Toro has also spoken explicitly about how a particular scene inspired the story which eventually became The Shape of Water.Furthermore, in the case of Star Wars and Lucasfilm, there is also the case of Strange Magic (2015). While based on Beauty and the Beast, according to George Lucas, it was also centered around a take on the traditional tale "where the Beast doesn't change". In this regards, it could also be seen as reminiscent of Frankenstein, especially as the film's "villain", the Bog King, laments, much like Frankenstein's monster, that he is unable to connect with, or have the love of, another.
He reveals how, at the age of six, he watched Creature from the Black Lagoon with the expectation that the Gill-man would end up with Kay, the female love interest (portrayed by Julia Adams). “What a great love story!” he says of the creature swimming underneath Kay. “I was six; I thought, I’m sure it’s gonna end well!”
The film, of course, did not end well for the creature, who sinks back into the water riddled with bullets, left to die. Del Toro concludes his anecdote by saying that though it took 46 years in the making, he “corrected it,” giving the creature the love story he thought it always deserved.
[...] Del Toro’s love for Frankenstein is well-chronicled, and while the conversation usually hinges on the 1931 film adaptation, or its sequel, The Bride of Frankenstein, we do know that del Toro loves Mary Shelley’s novel, as he has written in an introduction to The New Annotated Frankenstein, and he even hopes to adapt it for a television miniseries in the future.
[...] Del Toro declares this fish man, a god, “one of the most beautiful creatures I’ve ever committed to film.” It is his love and empathy for monsters that transforms this moment of creation—which recalls the moment of Frankenstein bringing his creature to life—into one of beauty, rather than fear or disgust. Octavia Spencer calls del Toro an “alchemist; he makes everyday things seem so otherworldly;” yet on the other hand, he manages to make the otherworldly also seem human.
Del Toro’s work is thus transformative; though visually his films may resemble horror, he “rephrases” and “reconstructs” the genre. If horror is a “cathedral” or altar at which he worships, then his project is of making that space habitable. Unlike Frankenstein, he seeks not to be God, but instead to be more human.'
"The story of [Frankenstein] goes very deeply into what it means to be human, what decides good or evil, and whether we are doomed by our own birth. At the heart of the novel lies the Creature (or Monster, as some like to call it, but I find that too judgemental)..."And to quote Adam Driver (Kylo Ren) himself...
"I'm leery of big movies - a lot of them sacrifice character for spectacle. When they're bad, it pisses me off - you can just tell it's made by a bunch of executives somewhere. It was all about story and character and playing someone who doesn't have it all together. Making [Kylo Ren / Ben Solo] as human as possible seemed dangerous and exciting to me." (Sources)And, on a final note, to quote Clone Corridors:
[...] “I think maybe this is such a general answer but you know, humanity. Even though it’s very much a blockbuster movie, and I’m aware of that, there was no taking that for granted and that we were forced to be general [in The Force Awakens]. There was a lot of plot points that we knew were operating in the first one, that we get to explain more in the second one, that kind of make both of them make sense...a lot of what I remember talking about with [Force Awakens director] J.J. [Abrams] and [The Last Jedi director] Rian [Johnson] was this idea of...two sides being morally justified to behave however they wanted to, to get whatever they thought was absolutely correct.” (Source)
"Both Frankenstein and Star Wars lend themselves to analysing the grey matter between the absolutes of black and white. Both [Vader and Frankenstein's monster] are characters created wrongfully, and yet in one story ,we get a way in which even a villain can be redeemed. Not by becoming a hero anew, but by saving that which represents his goodness and kindness [and compassion, his human identity]."Or, in the words of Rose Tico in The Last Jedi:
“That's how we're gonna win. Not fighting what we hate, [but by] saving what we love."
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